Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam

Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam Oral examsâ€tests during which educators ask understudies to answer test inquiries aloudâ€can be without a doubt distressing, yet there are various approaches to get ready for nontraditional testing or announcing strategies like this. Despite the fact that oral tests are generally normal for language students, they are progressively pervasive across different subjects since they permit instructors to provide food schedules to understudies with an assortment ofâ learning styles. Key Takeaways Remain positive during your test preparations.Oral tests can be distressing, however they are significant practice for potential future interviews.Know your subject better than you might suspect you need, and work on utilizing development purposefully to accentuate your fundamental points.Don’t neglect to eat well, rest enough, and drink a lot of water paving the way to your test. Exercise can likewise help discharge apprehensive energy.Take your time addressing inquiries during your test, and don’t be hesitant to request help on the off chance that you need it!â Remain Positive Rather than confusing yourself about what might turn out badly, remind yourself the amount you have realized and what you get the opportunity to impart to your educator. A hopeful standpoint can expel nerves and carry energy to any test. Regardless of whether you incline toward customary pen-and-paper tests, oral tests can assist you with prevailing past the study hall. They furnish you with important meeting like understanding to set you up to crush your future instructive and vocation objectives. Here are a couple of tips and deceives to assist you with getting ready for your next oral exam.â Know Your Subject Effectively finishing an oral test begins with realizing the material you will talk about. The best part about these sorts of tests is that you as of now have all the appropriate responses. Instructors won’t ask you anything you haven’t been educated, so you will just need to talk about the material that has been introduced to you in talks, text, and video. All things considered, there are a couple of things that will facilitate a portion of the weight of presenting this scholarly material.â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Burrow Deeper The most ideal approach to begin getting ready for an oral test is to take an individual enthusiasm for the material. Find out about your theme than what is obligatory will assist you with anticipating addresses that your educator may inquire. It will likewise give you more to discuss. Become familiar with the foundation story of chronicled figures, creators, researchers, and wayfarers, regardless of whether you don’t think you have to. A considerable lot of the world’s most noteworthy numerical and logical revelations were just made in light of something that occurred in the discoverer’s individual life. Did you realize that Darwin was going to turn down his outing to the Galapagos since his dad objected? The individual we need to thank for On the Origin of Species is Darwin’s uncle (and father-in-law) who immovably trusted Darwin’s revelations would give proof to help Biblical claims.â Not exclusively does burrowing further give you a superior comprehension of your theme, yet you additionally have increasingly substance to discuss. On the off chance that you if completely comprehend the ins and out of your subject, you won’t ever come up short on things to say.â Foresee Questions Since you know your subject, you can start to mull over what your educator may ask you. The best spot to begin is with the material you as of now have. Utilize past tests and tests, paper prompts, and even the inquiries toward the finish of sections to assist you with figuring answers. It will likewise be useful for you to comprehend the general topic and motivation behind your test. Knowing the motivation behind your examâ€the point on which you are being testedâ€makes making answers simpler in light of the fact that you have an objective as a top priority. For instance, if your geology instructor asks you how the atmosphere and land highlight influenced the U.S. troops in Vietnam, you realize that your answer ought to be worked off of mountains, streams, and climate designs more than the achievement or disappointment of the soldiers in light of the fact that the test is about geology. Additionally, your French educator may get some information about a film you as of late observed, however the substance of the film doesn’t matter as much as your capacity to conjugate action words and utilize the past tense. When foreseeing questions, recollect that one inquiry can best posed to a hundred unique ways. Words like layout, portray, and detail are various methods of saying â€Å"tell me about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Be set up for these trigger words by asking yourself a similar inquiry a couple of various ways. â€Å"Chunk† Your Content While making your answers, attempt to â€Å"chunk† or aggregate bits of data instead of attempting to recollect everything all in all. Consider the manner in which a book is writtenâ€not as one enormous bit of text, however a story isolated into edible bits with an ongoing idea that integrates them all. Transform your test into a story so when your instructors gets some information about the financial atmosphere of Thailand after colonization, you can finish your string your story without being overpowered, and you can undoubtedly review and answer unquestionably that Thailand was rarely in fact colonized. Utilize Intentional Movements It is completely ordinary to move around when you are nervousâ€to squirm with your garments, to not sit still, to pace back and forthâ€because development is an approach to discharge a portion of that apprehensive vitality, however it can degrade what you are stating in light of the fact that your test director is progressively centered around your activities. So as to battle interruption while as yet discharging apprehensive vitality, practice deliberate developments. Heads up The best and least demanding approach to rehearse is to initially know how you move. Sit or remain before a mirror or utilize a camera or a mobile phone to you can record and re-watch yourself responding to questions. Don’t contemplate how you ought to or shouldn’t move; this is only a self-appraisal. When you see how you will in general discharge anxious vitality, you can find a way to make your developments increasingly deliberate and helpful for your test. Watch Others The best moderators and speakers on the planet aren’t the individuals who sit or stand totally still, yet rather the individuals who use development and nonverbal correspondence to stress what they are stating. For instance, speakers will regularly take three or four long walks toward the crowd to underline the significance what they are stating. They use hand motions and outward appearances that add to the noteworthiness of comprehension of a subject. Prior to your oral test, set aside some effort to watch different speakers and moderators. This can be as basic as watching TED Talks on YouTube. Note how speakers sit, stand, or walk, how they signal, and how they answer questions. Create Intentional Movement Work on responding to addresses utilizing developments and nonverbal correspondence that you have watched. Lay paper on the floor or under your seat to make you increasingly aware of your developments. On the off chance that you can’t appear to consistent your hands, clutch a paperclip during your test. What's more, recall, development to discharge anxious vitality is entirely typical, and the most significant concentration for your oral test is the substance, not your motions. Physical and Mental Wellness You may have gone through days, weeks, or even months getting ready for your test, however in the event that you drink an excess of espresso or don’t get enough rest, all that readiness could be futile. Recall that dealing with yourself, both truly and intellectually, is reflected in your abilities and how you perform. Deal with your brain and body, and thusly, they will deal with you.â Sustenance In the days paving the way to your test, drink enough water (focus on eight enormous glasses each day), get enough rest (grown-ups need no under seven hours of rest for every night), and eat entire, sound nourishments. On the morning of the test, eat a light, stimulating breakfast, and cutoff your caffeine consumption. You don’t need any extra jitters!â Exercise Recall that apprehensive vitality we discussed before? It is brought about by cortisol, the pressure hormone. Expanding your pulse takes out cortisol. On the off chance that you can, attempt to get to the exercise center in the days paving the way to your exam.â Introduction There is something to be said about the clichã ©, dress well, test well. Select your garments the prior night so you don’t need to bobble through your wardrobe in the first part of the day. Wear something agreeable and breathable that you won’t need to pull at during your exam.â Take as much time as is needed Educators terminating inquiries at you can feel overpowering, yet recall that there is no compelling reason to hurry into your answers. Pause for a minute after each question to process what data has recently been mentioned from you and sort out your musings in like manner. In the event that your educator requests that you depict Christopher Columbus’s journey to the Americas, pause for a minute to review what your think about Columbus. You know how the journey was subsidized, you know the names of the boats, you realize to what extent the excursion took on the grounds that you arranged for the test. Since your contemplations are all together, start to recount to your educator the tale of the unbelievable journey over the sea.â Request Help Your instructors and teachers need you to succeed. They are there to assist you with arriving at your objectives and set you up for future profession attempts. Visit them previously or after school, during breaks, at lunch, or during available time. Meet with them on the off chance that you are befuddled or stuck or you just need to talk through a thought. Instructors are likewise ordinarily the ones overseeing the oral tests, which means they have made the rules yo

Smart Conversion Rate And Sales Funnel Secrets From Daniel McGaw

Brilliant Conversion Rate And Sales Funnel Secrets From Daniel McGaw A deals and advertising channel is when individuals have a consciousness of your image and draw nearer to a purchasing choice. You need them to know, as, and trust you, so there is sufficient incentive for them to turn into your client. What does your customer’s venture resemble? Luckily, today’s scene highlights Daniel McGaw, the author of Effin Amazing and maker of UTM.io. Daniel is a transformation rate streamlining and deals pipe master. Get some answers concerning the enchantment you can get from connections and how to expand Website and substance changes. What are the superpowers of what should be possible with a connection when shared on the web? Urchin following module (UTM) labels are bits of code you can add as far as possible of any connection; it’s the main all inclusive following strategy accessible Daniel’s item offers presets for groups to keep labels predictable Most business people consider business in the incorrect manner; they center around the logo, brand, strategic, different factors before they obtain clients Daniel considers business along these lines: Where is the interest? Do we have a client? On the off chance that we have a client, at that point we have a business. How Effin Amazing got its name and gets a great deal of consideration Don’t request huge amounts of data; simply get an email address to upgrade for leads Pipe Anatomy: Awareness, top of channel (TOFU), center of pipe (MOFU), base of pipe (BOFU), and referrals of the pipe (ROFU) Daniel’s organization utilizes the Velocity/Impact/Confidence/Easy (VICE) structure to delineate pipe, which incorporates recording data, creating techniques, and building benchmarks Assess your team’s aptitudes and capacities to expand VICE scores Most advertisers and organizations turn out badly when they anticipate that individuals should purchase too rapidly; and don't get enough email tends to email is above all else and the lynchpin to progress Become familiar with your clients during the pipe stages, and attempt to instruct them Connections: Daniel McGaw Effin Amazing UTM Trello RealtimeBoard AMP on iTunes leave an audit and send screen capture to podcast@.com On the off chance that you loved today’s appear, if you don't mind buy in on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The web recording is likewise accessible on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Statements by Daniel McGaw: â€Å"What are the superpowers that we can do with a connection when sharing it online?† â€Å"We’re certainly attempting to set the standard for how individuals make UTMs.† â€Å"You need to comprehend your objective client and what you’re attempting to sell them.†

Why Is My Phone About to Die

Why Is My Phone About to Die I am seated in a rocking chair at Dayton International Airport, flight delayed, thumbing through tweets, photos, and various bits of miscellanea on the device in my palm while I wait to find out  whether my next flight will be canceled. Everyone around me seems to be doing the same thing. We are a sea of people lost in the mesmerizing  glow of our screensâ€"alone together. Suddenly, an ominous red bar interrupts my handheld activities, accompanied by a warning: low battery. My first reaction: frustration, irritation, annoyance. Why the hell is my phone about to die? I cant believe this stupid freaking thing! Of course, I have been pacifying myself for the last hour (or two), frantically fiddling with the touchscreen, hopping from icon to icon, searching for the next ephemeral rush of dopamine. My behavior: reactionary and impulsive and the opposite of mindful. These activities, when done in excess, are as meaningless as channel surfing, resulting in an  endless amount of low-level anxietyâ€"a sort of postmodern itch, not unlike that of a heroin addict as he stumbles through  withdrawal. But its not my phones fault, its mine: rarely does the blame belong to  the material thing itself. The stuff is not the problemâ€"we are. Realizing this, I set down the phone and breathe  in the world around me, but only after sending one final tweet: If your phone is constantly about to die, then maybe its not the phone that has a problem. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Why Is My Phone About to Die

Why Is My Phone About to Die I am seated in a rocking chair at Dayton International Airport, flight delayed, thumbing through tweets, photos, and various bits of miscellanea on the device in my palm while I wait to find out  whether my next flight will be canceled. Everyone around me seems to be doing the same thing. We are a sea of people lost in the mesmerizing  glow of our screensâ€"alone together. Suddenly, an ominous red bar interrupts my handheld activities, accompanied by a warning: low battery. My first reaction: frustration, irritation, annoyance. Why the hell is my phone about to die? I cant believe this stupid freaking thing! Of course, I have been pacifying myself for the last hour (or two), frantically fiddling with the touchscreen, hopping from icon to icon, searching for the next ephemeral rush of dopamine. My behavior: reactionary and impulsive and the opposite of mindful. These activities, when done in excess, are as meaningless as channel surfing, resulting in an  endless amount of low-level anxietyâ€"a sort of postmodern itch, not unlike that of a heroin addict as he stumbles through  withdrawal. But its not my phones fault, its mine: rarely does the blame belong to  the material thing itself. The stuff is not the problemâ€"we are. Realizing this, I set down the phone and breathe  in the world around me, but only after sending one final tweet: If your phone is constantly about to die, then maybe its not the phone that has a problem. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The Importance Of Close Relationships Individual And...

Examining close relationships: Individual and social mindset It is often said that a science subject must be built on verifiable evidences and concrete explanations. Therefore, the study of human relationships is less likely to be considered â€Å"scientific† in this particular category than other conventional topics in psychology, such as emotion analysis and cognitive development. However, modern shifts in marriage and dating patterns suggest that relationships can in fact be studied methodologically, and worth studying as well. What we usually deduce as common sense, or relationship conundrum, can be examined through experimentation and can also be explained by our former psychological understanding. In this field, researchers have long proposed a set of important aspects in order to effectively analyze intimate interactions, and I want to chiefly focus on inner self-knowledge. One simple reason is that, we cannot fully understand our relationships unless we look backward and closely investigate ourselves. Self-esteem The self, the architect of our thoughts, feelings and actions, is also the center of our judgments of others. Many people assume that we need to discern external factors to best predict the outcomes (such as satisfaction and happiness) in a relationship, yet a closer look at how we feel about ourselves significantly reveals more than we think. As psychologist Schultz (2008) pointed out, asking one hundred people what adjective comes first to their mind toShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Sociological Imagination : Connecting History987 Words   |  4 Pageseveryday society causes human relationships in history to adapt to change. History is altered by man, without human interaction and the exponential growth of historical events. Mills explains that â€Å"the sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals† (2), this means viewing social relatio nships and the events that follow those relationships in a larger perspective. Read MoreThe Canadian Association Of Social Work1277 Words   |  6 Pages In the profession of Social Work there are several policies, procedures, rules and guidelines that govern the way we make ethical decisions. Our job as Social Workers is to be knowledgeable of the professions needs and engage, assess, intervene, and evaluate with individuals, families and organizations in order to help them understand the value and importance of self-worth and self-determination when making decisions. The Canadian Association of Social Work (CASW) provides us with a Code of EthicsRead MoreThe Five Habits Of Highly Effective People1326 Words   |  6 Pagessame mindset and practice. From the honors program the priority I hope to learn is on my academics. With a heavier and more challenging workload I will have to learn how to prioritize my studies more than I already do. From my well-qualified teachers and ambitio us peers I plan to learn study skills and habits. Taylor Webb wrote, â€Å"I developed close friendships with other honors students and faculty, who pushed me to study harder and smarter.† Webb and his fellow students knew the importance of studyingRead MoreCohabitation and Its Effect on Rise in Divorce Rate1117 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lack of commitment or understanding of love and longevity in a marriage. Cohabitation can be defined as an arrangement whereby two people decide to live together on a long term or permanent basis in an emotionally and /or sexually intimate relationship (Brannon 2008). Cohabitation is seen as the best way to understand a prospective mate in terms of living and financial stability. Also many couples tend to â€Å"slip† into this arrangement without much decision making about it being long term, butRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1121 Words   |  5 Pagesalso need to fulfill the social and sustainability need along with i ts economic need this responsibility is known as Corporate social responsibility. CSR is The commitment of the business to seek after those strategies to settle on those choice, or to take after those lines of activity which are alluring as far as the target and estimation of our general public.(Carroll 1999,p.270) Now a days, relationships with customers depends on the value the company give to the social, economical and sustainableRead MoreAsian American Identity Development Model886 Words   |  4 Pagescounselors will be working with and how one’s beliefs can hinder the process. The five stages of the Asian-American Identity Development Model, developed by Sue and Sue, are: The ethnic awareness stage, White identification stage, the awakening to the social political consciousness stage, redirection stage, and the incorporation stage. Asian-Americans prefer crisis-oriented, brief, and solution oriented approaches, and they are influenced by their families and culture. The fear of losing face to theirRead MoreHow The Law Enforcement Culture Shapes The Behavior Of Officers And Their Views Toward Suicide1641 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of this study is to further examine how the law enforcement culture shapes the behavior of officers and their views toward suicide, and how elements of the culture agitate suicide risk factors. If a relationship between police subculture and suicide can be established, the relationship can be further studied to develop treatment and other resources that could reduce suicide rates. Significance Existing research is limited by scope and geography. Differences of size, location, function, andRead MoreTechnology Brings Us Too Much Convenience1566 Words   |  7 Pagestechnological advancements has negatively influenced the social interactions of individuals because it isolates them from reality, hinders communication, and perpetuates the concept of immediate satisfaction. The technological era is a symbol of highly commercialistic and well-developed society because it costs ultimate knowledge and money to keep them in the place. Under the perfect cover of this symbol of wealth, technology overwhelms individuals to be more emotionally isolated though they seem to beRead MoreMaster Status and Role Sets1048 Words   |  5 Pages The master status is â€Å"†¦a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life† (Macionis, 2013, p. 97). The master status that I most identify with as having the biggest impa ct in my social identity is always being physically connected with my future wife Kaisha as allowed by society either by holding hands, or other innocent ways of physically being together, and the title of this particular description of a master status is, â€Å"one who is a partRead MoreReligious And Personal Beliefs Of The United States1744 Words   |  7 Pageshave been generational shifts in attitudes toward nonmarital sex is challenging. These changes in sexual attitudes and behaviors are connected to growing cultural individualism in the United States. When a culture places more importance on the desires of the self and less on social rules, more relaxed attitudes toward sexuality are the almost inevitable result. You are faced with the decision of conforming to a society where the acceptance of premarital sex is at an all time high. Yet, your religion

The Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 844 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Atomic Bomb Essay Did you like this example? During the final months of the second world war, the only two nation still at war were the United States and the empire of Japan. Both countries were suffering heavy casualties, and the United States decided to bring a swift and effective end to the war. On August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic weapon used in combat, nicknamed the Little Boy, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, after no Japanese surrender, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, nicknamed the Fat Man on the city of Nagasaki. The bombs killed approximately 140,000 people and destroyed several square miles each upon their detonations, which brought the Japanese to finally surrender. Without the use of the bombs, it is highly possible that the war would have continued on for an unknown amount of time, resulting in an even higher death toll. Therefore, the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were entirely necessary in order to bring World War Two to an end. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki" essay for you Create order The United States began the development of atomic weaponry after discovering German scientists were attempting to split the atom and release the energy that held it together. This process is known as nuclear fission, and is the reason an atomic bomb can do the amount of destruction that it does. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Manhattan Project on December 28th, 1942, which brought together important scientists to research and develop a nuclear weapon before Germany could. The first atomic bomb, nicknamed Gadget, was tested on July 16th, 1945 in the deserts of Alamogordo, New Mexico. This became known as the Trinity test. The bomb exploded with the force of approximately 18 kilotons of TNT. Originally, the United States planned to threaten Germany with the atomic bombs. However, once Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 7th, 1945, the only country still at war was Japan. In July of 1945, President Harry S Truman issued the Potsdam Declaration, which warned the Japanese empire to surrender or face prompt and utter destruction. After ignoring the declaration, the United States decided to use the atom bombs they had developed. After dropping the bombs, Emperor Hirohito and his advisors finally decided to surrender to the United States on August 15th, 1945, marking the end of the second world war. Without the usage of the atomic bombs in Japan, it is very likely that the casualties may have been drastically higher than those of the bombings. Karl T. Compton was a physicist during World War Two that was involved with many scientific projects, including heading the D Division of the National Defense Research Committee, which researched detection technologies, which included radar, fire control and heat radiation. Compton went on to become the scientific advisor to General Douglas MacArthur. After studying the atomic bombing, Compton came to the conclusion that it was entirely necessary for the United States to drop the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Japan. In his letter to President Truman, titled If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used, Compton begins by interviewing a Japanese Army officer. The officer told Compton that if the bombs had not been dropped and a land invasion (which was the planned alternative to the atomic bombs) had happened, the Japanese army would have continued to fight until all Japanese were killed,but we would not have been defeated. The officer explains that the Japanese people consider surrendering to the enemy extremely disgraceful, and that they would much rather die than need to surrender. This was the reason that the Japanese continued to fight, despite losing Germany and Italy as allies in the months leading up to the atomic bombings. This gave Compton reason to believe that the atomic bombs actually saved the lives of thousands of Americans and Japanese, and that they were the only reason World War Two ended as quickly as it did. Compton then provides Truman with information that proves that the bombs were not the deadliest attack on Japan. During the B-29 incendiary raids over Tokyo, an estimated 225,000 people were killed in total, a much higher rate of casualties than that of the atom bombs. The Tokyo air raids also destroyed approximately 85 square miles of city, whereas the atomic bombing of Hiroshima only destroyed about 5 square miles, a drastically smaller amount of damage. After comparing the Tokyo incendiary raids with the atomic bombs, Compton returns to the idea of a beach invasion in Japan. According to General MacArthurs staff, an invasion of Japan would result in approximately 50,000 American casualties and several times that number of Japanese casualties. It was highly likely that the Japanese would defend their homeland much more forcefully than when the United States invaded Iwo Jima and Okinawa. General MacArthur goes on to talk about how if the Japanese government was overthrown and lost all control over its people, soldiers may result to guerilla warfare in the Japanese Alps, which gave way to the possibility of the war lasting for up to a decade longer. Another argument that Compton makes is that many of the Japanese citizens did not want to surrender.

A Collective Identity Of Europe - 959 Words

Post-war European nations were faced with the task of restructuring their states after the devastating war. A collective agreement was made for a political body to help stabilize much of Europe. The Community provided external political structure that would provide the means necessary to create a stable economy and develop technologies, but in order to do so there would need to be a collective identity of Europe. As nation-states were trying to redefine their history and assert their independence it became a delicate balance between maintaining their own identity and joining in the Community that would impose new regulation but also provide the resources necessary to rebuild economically. This struggle to maintain a national identity†¦show more content†¦The benefit was that nation-states could now have their own domestic economy and still benefit from the advancing international markets that were more accessible. However, economics cannot be viewed as an independent unit. How the market works is inadvertently based on a cultural set of ideals and markets can function differently from state to state. In order to formalize an institution to control the economy new regulations must be set in place. In the sense of the European Community all nations states had to join together to create a set of rules that everyone agreed upon. By abiding by new rules nations in return could expect to benefit from a larger political body. This all sounded very promising, a new and stronger institution would regulate the economy, and provide security for the vulnerable post-war nations. In doing so, Europe would create a collective identity, a sense of nationality. Although after the war the idea of a stronger unified economy sounded promising it could also be viewed as a hindrance in the long term. The European Community’s goal was to create a unification of the nation-states but from the viewpoint of a individual state this could be a loss of independence and identity. This communal identity â€Å"made western European states resemble each other much more than they resembled those of other places or other times.† The focus was no longer onShow MoreRelatedNational and European Identity 1273 Words   |  6 Pagesstrong interest in the concept of European Union identity (Cram, 2009). The ‘European union’ identity can be identified nowadays, although there are still conflicts between national identities and a shared European identity which can be illustrated by the data from Eurobarameter and other sources. Most people perceive themselves as Europeans, as Anderson (1991) state, there is no contradictory between Europe and nation-state, ‘country first, but Europe, too’ is the main feeling of the public. HoweverRead MoreEmotion And Devotion : The Meaning Of Mary Medieval Religious Cultures Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthe modern era. In chapter one The Global â€Å"Middle Ages† Miri Rubin points out that â€Å"understanding life in the pre-modern past has... become complex and variegated† because there existed a â€Å"global† aspect in Europe. Rubin thinks that it is important to realize that Europe was not regionally isolated during the Middle Ages. â€Å"Medieval Europeans were travellers† and when they returned home they shared their â€Å"tales, experience and expertise.† Travel was possible because there was a â€Å"modicumRead MoreEuropean Integration And A Symbol Of Construction Of European Identity1618 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful example of European integration and a symbol of construction of European identity. Through the ‘European Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students’ (ERASMUS), the largest student exchange programme in Europe, nearly two million students have studied abroad and had the opportunity to learn firsthand about other European peoples and cultures. 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National museums promote local history and identity, but what about multinational museums and multinational identity? This is the question the European Union hopes to address with their sanctioning of the House of European History (HEH). The main goal of the HEH is to create a collection of permanent and temporary exhibitions to invite people i ntoRead MoreMemories And Its Impact On Society1387 Words   |  6 Pagesmemory have always fascinated scholars, and the study of memory has soon shifted from the individual dimension to the collective one. How collective memories define an entire society and the role these have when, due to traumatic events, the society is threatened has been studied thoroughly. It is widely recognized that historical memory plays an essential role in the development of identity politics but unfortunately also in the rise of ethnic and civil conflicts all around the globe. It has been observedRead MoreEuropean Collective Identity11275 Words   |  46 PagesEuropean Journal of Social Theory http://est.sagepub.com/ A Theory of Collective Identity Making Sense of the Debate on a European Identity Klaus Eder European Journal of Social Theory 2009 12: 427 DOI: 10.1177/1368431009345050 The online version of this article can be found at: http://est.sagepub.com/content/12/4/427 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for European Journal of Social Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://estRead MoreThe Refugee Crisis : A Humanitarian Issue1421 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzed using the concept of values and identity, more specifically with respect to collective and organizational identity, and social constructivist philosophy. The model of systems thinking, as described by Senge’s principles, may also be a useful tool to understand the intentions and positions of various countries, as well as working towards a possible solution to the issues being considered in the article. The nature, construction and role of identity in society has always been useful in understandingRead MoreEssay751 Words   |  4 PagesFrance has always been in a constant struggle to become the hegemonic power of Europe, attempting to keep its own identity, culture, and preserve its way of life while expanding to different territories, this alone has led to countless wars and skirmishes resulting in devastation over Europe including the 30 year war, 100 year war, and the Napoleonic era. After the tragedy known as World War II, an attempt to integrate France along with other European states to form a supranational government resultedRead MoreThe European Union As A Powerful Entity1612 Words   |  7 Pagesallocation of production and resources. This, in turn, leads to an increase in wealth, both in the new and older members. History, however, proves to be the one weakness of the European Union. Fragmented into fifty-three countries, Europe s people jealously guard their identity, and are severely opposed to losing it. This makes gaining consensus on policies very difficult, as countries may want to protect traditional industries, associated with their own history and culture. Groups that may be disadvantaged

Pearl Final Exam free essay sample

This novel is not just a narrative about a native finding a precious jewel and who is overcome with fear, obsession and anger. This novel is a story of how a simple sense of greed can destroy a man’s morals, and view on what is really important. In The Pearl, the reader sees how the Europeans had a sense of control over the natives. The mind control that the Europeans had over the natives is very present. There are examples of the doctor in Kino’s community trying to swindle, manipulate, and mislead Kino. When the doctor learns of Kino’s pearl, he uses Coyotito’s sickness to try and take the pearl from them. Not knowing his son was actually fine, Kino allowed the doctor to try and make Coyotito feel â€Å"better†. However, in all actuality the doctor makes Coyotito more ill. The Europeans had this advantage over the natives. The natives were ignorant to what was true and what a form of mind control was. This sense of mind control the Europeans had over the natives led Kino to act differently than what he was acting prior to finding the pearl. The sense of fear was put into Kino and the sense of greed was coming out of him. Kino became disturbed. The pearl was separating him from his true self. In the very beginning of the novel, Kino hears the â€Å"Song of the Family. † The song is referring to the traditional values that were instilled in him before the Europeans came and replaced those traditional values with their own. When Kino found the pearl, his morals changed. He became more obsessed with the pearl than the safety of his family. Kino does not take heed of the feelings of the gods as he may once have done before finding the pearl. However, he keeps hearing a melody or sound whenever he feels that something is not right. He does not take heed of it, but he doesn’t completely ignore it. Kino felt anger whenever he hears the music. This music kept playing in his head reminding him of what was right the whole time. In a sense, this ultimately shows what greed can do to someone who is caught between doing what is morally right, and what he has been taught is right. Music was very important to Kino and his family. It gave a sense of their traditional culture that had been stripped away from their ancestors. Throughout the course of the novel John Steinbeck refers the music in Kino’s head the â€Å"Song of the Family† or the â€Å"music of the enemy†. On page 2, John Steinbeck describes Kino replaying the music of his ancestor’s in his head. He shows how they would make up song from anything that they had heard, seen or felt. Kino referred to this as the Song of the Family. When the Europeans came to the new world, they forced their culture on the natives. They stripped them of their tradition and values. However, Kino’s family still acquire their traditional values and they still use them. On page 5, John Steinbeck tells of Juana chanting the â€Å"ancient magic† of her ancestors along with the Hail Mary of the Europeans to save Coyotito from the scorpion. She was confused about which chant would save her child’s life because their ancestor’s traditional music chant was still instilled in them, but she had been force to accept the new tradition that had been brought by the Europeans. While searching for the pearl, he found a clam that contained the pearl. He was reluctant to pick that clam however because he didn’t want to receive bad luck from the gods because of greed of the pearl. When he picked up the clam that contained the pearl, it says that he heard the melody of his heartbeat of the maybe pearl. On page 19, he finally found the pearl. It says that Kino heard the melody of the pearl which was triumphant and beautiful. The melody of the maybe pearl gave him hope for a better life for his family. This is the same hope that he could have gotten from the traditional chants and songs of his ancestors. While having this pearl, Kino faces some adversaries. On page 27, the priest of their town comes to Kino when he learns that he has the pearl. The priest tells Kino that he is named from a great father of the church. He also goes on to tell Kino that he should give thanks to God for the pearl â€Å"I hope thou wilt remember to give thanks, my son, to Him who has given thee this treasure, and to for guidance in the future†. After the priest left, on page 28, it says that â€Å"he [Kino] was glancing about suspiciously, for the evil song was in his ears, shrilling against the music of the pearl. † Also, it says on page 34 that when the doctor had finished giving Coyotito the medicine for the scorpion bite that†. Now uncertainty was in Kino and the music of evil throbbed in his head and nearly drove out Juana’s song†. This shows that the music acted as a conscience for Kino. The music made him realize the cruel ways of the doctors and the priest. On page 90, when Kino and Juana had gotten rid of the pearl, it says that â€Å"the music of the pearl drifted into a whisper and disappeared. † Kino was not focused on the pearl. He was able to realize what was really important. The way that John Steinbeck was able to channel the sense of good and bad through the music compelled me. The music does not change my perception of Kino. I feel that anyone who has been belittled, disrespected and underestimated for so long and finally finds a way to better himself, would become obsessed with whatever that way may be. Nevertheless, it changes my perception of the natives and the Renaissance period as a whole. I feel that the music would affect each reader differently. The music has such a powerful role in the book that some readers might take if differently as others. The use of music in this novel gives you hope and morality. I feel that John Steinbeck uses music in a lot of different ways. I feel that he uses darkness and light as a symbol of good and bad. He portrays it the most through Kino. On page 1 it says that Kino awakened near the dark. I feel that this was a sign that Kino himself wasn’t aware of about the pearl. The pearl made Kino dark. He is so obsessed with the pearl that he is so blind to the fact that the pearl has changed all of his morals and values. In the beginning half of page 68, it describes the night as Kino, Juana and Coyotito are walking. It says that it was â€Å"so dark that any who moves about can be seen†. I took this as if this quote were describing Kino. Juana had a sense that the pearl was evil in the beginning. She wanted for Kino to get rid of it. Kino hit Juana because of this. I feel that Kino had changed his morals and values so much that it took him over as a person. Kino put his whole family in danger because of the pearl. There were trackers, merchants, and even his people were after them. However, his greed of the pearl didn’t allow him to see the effect of it. Page 83 tells of Kino taking off his white clothes. This was a sign of Kino’s final transformation from his old traditional and moral values. He was going to kill the trackers that were after his family. The finding of the pearl led up to all of this. Coyotitio was murdered because of the pearl. Essentially, Coyotito was murdered because of Kino’s transformation from his old tradition and values. John Steinbeck wanted the readers to see the contrast between light and dark both physically and morally. He uses the clothing and the description of the sky and the description of the shadows at the beginning of the book to give the readers a perspective about how the pearl affected Kino and his family. In the novel, the exploitation of the natives is obvious. The situation that they are put in shows their entrapment by the Europeans. On page 5 it shows how Juana sung a traditional chant and how she sung a Hail Mary also. She was confused and conflicted about how to save her son. I feel that this proves how the Europeans have the natives trapped. Juana can’t decide which method of religious chant to take. This serves as exploitation because it is a way that the Europeans have a control over the natives. The Europeans try to make the natives feel as if they are nothing by forcing their culture on them and getting rid of their own traditional culture. This is one way that the Europeans exploit the natives. Another way that John Steinbeck shows exploitation of the natives is the reference that he makes to animals. On page 31 it explains how the doctor gives Coyotito the medicine for the scorpion bite. The doctor puts the pill in the back of Coyotitio’s throat. This is how you give an animal a pill. On page 11, the doctor was talking to one of his servants about Coyotitio. The doctor referred to taking care of Coyotito as if he were taking care of an animal â€Å"[doctor] Have I nothing better to do than to cure insect bites for ‘little Indians’? â€Å"I am a doctor, not a veterinary. When Kino was being hunted by the trackers, this made him look animalistic. The trackers hunted him and stalked him until they got him at the right time and attacked. This is a way of exploiting the natives because it diminished Kino as a person and it diminished Kino’s race’s character as a people. It shows them being at the same level as animals. I feel that John Steinbeck was giving off the message greed that played a very important role with the pearl. The greed of the pearl was strong. The greed led to the disruption of the town, the transformation of Kino and how it affected his family and the ones around him, and the death of Coyotito. I feel that John Steinbeck was successful in getting this message across. There are many examples of how greed can lead up to and cause horrible things to happen. The examples are also viewed at from different perspectives. Although Kino wanted the best for his family, his greed for the pearl was far too great. The power of greed superseded the love for his family. In some ways the complexity of all of the characters propel the plot of the novel. They all played a role in showing the greed of the pearl. The way that the European characters tried to trick Kino for the pearl showed that they were greedy and disrespectful towards the natives. They were willing to do anything for that pearl and they did. Also, the way that Kino transformed made his character complex because he too was willing to do anything for that pearl. Kino’s transformation from good to bad created the complexity for his character. All of his actions lead up to his realization of the greed of the pearl at the end of the novel. After all of the times that he was attacked, he never gave up. He kept on protecting the pearl. However, by protecting that pearl he was going through a transformation. He did not go by his old morals. He went by new morals. This gave a complex to his character because this showed how the control of greed for the pearl affected his personality and his morals. The Europeans played complex characters in the novel. They tried to trick Kino out of his pearl by using their knowledge against him. Kino was illiterate and he did not know the information that was in the books. Kino wanted the pearl so that he could send Coyotito to school to learn of the information in the books. This is how the Europeans’ character was complex. The Europeans and the natives’ culture are very different from each other. John Steinbeck uses music and animals to describe the native’s culture and he uses tiny china cup and the pearl to describe the Europeans’ culture. Before the Europeans came to the land of the natives, the natives were intertwined with nature. They respected it. The natives respected the beauty of it. They became a part of it. Coyotito means little coyote. I believe that it is ironic how John Steinbeck made the natives seems intertwined with music, but made the term animal seem derogatory when he was describing the natives’ from the Europeans point of view. I believe he did this because again, he wanted to show the control that the Europeans had over the natives’ and how ignorant the natives’ were. However, I also feel that John Steinbeck uses symbols in the novel to show how the Europeans’ ways were evil as well. Throughout the novel, the pearl was almost like Kino’s guide. He only heard it whenever the Europeans would try to swindle him. The Europeans did not have that in the novel. I feel that this symbolizes how ignorant and how much of a mind control the Europeans had over the natives. The natives were never exposed to how much power and ability they had over the Europeans. I feel that John Steinbeck made such a contrast between the cultures because he wanted to point out the ignorance and strength of the natives. I believe that by showing this, he showed how much greed played a big role in the novel as well. Had Kino not been so obsessed with the pearl, I feel that he would have recognized the power that he and the natives had. This novel is not just a narrative about a native finding a precious jewel and becoming overcame with fear, obsession and anger. This novel is a story of how a simple sense of greed can destroy a man’s morals, and view on what is really important and how the sense of ignorance can tarnish a culture’s pride. In â€Å"The Pearl†, the reader sees how the Europeans have a sense of control over the natives. The mind control that the Europeans have over the natives is very present. There are examples of the doctor in Kino’s community tried to swindle, manipulate, and mislead Kino. When the doctor learns of Kino having the pearl, he uses Coyotito’s sickness to try and take the pearl from Kino. Not knowing the son was actually fine, Kino allowed the doctor to try and make Coyotito feel â€Å"better. † However, in all actuality the doctor makes Coyotito more ill. The Europeans had this advantage of the natives. The natives were ignorant to what was true and what a form of mind control was. This led Kino to act differently than how he was acting prior to finding the pearl. The sense of fear was put into Kino and the sense of greed was coming out of him. Also, the music that was being play in Kino’s head was changing and turning in to evil. In the very beginning of the novel, Kino hears the â€Å"Song of the Family†. This song is referring to the traditional values that were instilled in him before the Europeans came and replaced those rational values with their own. When Kino has the pearl, his morals change. He is more obsessed with the pearl than the safety of his family. Kino does not take hed to the feelings of the gods as he once did before finding the pearl. Kino put so much faith in the pearl that he did not even think of how the gods would feel about his obsession of it. However, he keeps hearing a melody or sound whenever he feels that something is not right. He does not take head to it, but he doesn’t ignore it. Kino feels anger whenever he hears the music. This music keeps playing in his head to remind him of what was right the whole time. In a sense, this ultimately shows what greed can do to someone who is caught between doing what is morally right, and what he has been taught is right.

Ballad Of A Soldier Essay Example

Ballad Of A Soldier Essay Example Ballad Of A Soldier Essay Ballad Of A Soldier Essay Grigory Nuamovich made the movie Ballad Of A Soldier (1959) very intriguing, suspenseful and informative of the Soviet Union between the year 1939-1945, because of the various filming techniques that he utilized. For example, he perfected the most difficult shot in film making; the long shot. In addition, the various themes and sound effects made the movie were very fascinating. Mr. Nuamovich also made the characters more real by utilizing the reaction shot, medium shot and close up shot. Furthermore, the lighting by cinematographer really worked for this movie.Similar to most Russian Cinema, Grigory Nuamovich clearly displayed the beauty of the land by utilizing the long shot. For example when Alyosha Skvorstov rides on the train and reminisces of Shura, there is a long shot of the woods. In addition, the village shots, where Alyosha is driving around looking for his mother, clearly depicts the life style of a Russian farmer in a small village, that is secluded from everything else and can only be reached by one dirt road. The scene where the tank is chasing Alyosha on the open land is also the long shot working at its best. The extreme long shots of the tanks really gave the audience a feel of open land combat and it kept the viewer on the edge of the seat due to the suspense. In addition, the aerial shot also really worked in the tank chasing Alyosha scene.The various themes and sound effects really worked in this movie. The music during the tank scene kept the audience in high suspense. In addition, the scene where the lieutenant allows Alsyosha vacation time and random gunshots rang out shows the audience that although, the soldiers are inside and seem safe, there is no safety on the battle field. Furthermore, the various themes through out the movie kept the movie flowing very well.Mr. Nuamovich made the characters more dramatic and believable with the use of reaction shots. For example, Vergenty Urtanskiy (the one leg soldier), reaction shots showed how miserable he truly was when everyone was laughing and he was not. Furthermore, the reaction shot of the girl at the ticket counter scene, when the one leg soldier said that he does not want to go home. Her reaction shot really made his decision look foolish to the audience. Also when the one leg soldier was walking away and thought that his wife didnt show up and she screamed his name, the scene was intensified with the reaction shot of the one leg soldier. Another reaction shot that really intensified a scene is when Alyosha is telling the Shura that; Alyosha thought that Shura was the lieutenant when she first walked into the train cart. Furthermore, the reaction shot of the Ukranian girl hoping that what she heard was lightning on the train and not a bomb also strengthened the scene. The audience was shown again that during wars nothing is safe. In addition, Alyoshas reaction when he finds out that another train wont come for another two hours, also worked very well, because it r eminded the audience that his time is limited.The medium shot also worked very well for this movie the various scenes of Alyosha and Shura on the train really made this movie a love story. In addition when the one leg soldier was holding his wife in his arms the two shot made the audience feel the love.The various framing techniques that Grigory Nuamovich utilized made this movie work. For example, the train scene where Alyosha and the one leg soldier are riding with their comrades, they were tightly framed directly in the middle of the scene, because the scene was about them. In addition, the scene where Shura first came into the cart and began running around and screaming, because she was petrified by Alyosha. Alyosha was framed slightly in the middle of the screen and Shura was framed at the edge of the screen to show that she is on the edge of her fear of Alyosha.The cinematographer also did a wonderful job in using lights and darks inside the train cart. For example, in the sce ne where Shura fell asleep, the cart was dark; however her face had a spotlight. In addition, the whole time that Alyosha and Shura are in the train wagon its dark, however most of the time they have a spotlight on their face. Another example, of the cinematographers excellent work is when Shura is chasing the train that Alyosha is on and he is trying to give her his address.I really enjoyed Ballad Of A Soldier because not only is it thrilling and intriguing, because of the various filming techniques that Grigory Nuamovich used, but it also shows the beauty of the land and the mindset of the Russian people during that time period. Everyone worried about their kids and loved ones on the battle field. In addition, the train scene in which Alyosha was riding with his comrades shows Russian hummer at its best. (Hard to explain) Furthermore, the scene in which the fat soldier that lets Alyosha on the train really shows how soldiers abuse their authority during the war.

countercultures of the 60s essays

countercultures of the 60s essays In the turmoil of the 60s, America was at war with Vietnam. But more evident was the movement among the young people taking part in the protests and displays. Many people were against this was, especially the youth, an unfair was the was seeing many of our youth being killed and drafted in America. The mass exhibitions world wide against the Vietnam war saw millions of young people become united. Counterculture: Groups or movements existing within an modern society and in any country which find themselves in opposition to governing and accepted mainstream ideas, values and the approved and sanctioned forms of self expression. They were against mainstream political thinking, emotions, and styles. In the 60s, the first of the baby boomers became teenagers. Since they grew up during the cold war, many of these young people felt as if they were living on the edge of destruction. With the threat of nuclear war , everything was blamed on the elders of this generation for creating the world which they must live in. This was called the generation gap. The difference in attitudes between people of The hippies, a name given to them by Micheal Fallon, sought after a new lifestyle, even more, a lifestyle that was against the war. They believed in communities rather than normal traditional family environments. A common practice was sharing living quarters, without regard to sex or martial status with the availability of the birth control pill. Many coffeehouses had a pad- a room with a few mattresses on the floor and sleeping bags where anyone who wished could crash for a night or two. Small groups began retreating to the country, where they formed communes, communities that shared Bob Dylan, Like a Rolling Stone, 1 ...

Provide an example for five of the ten Price Sensitivity Effects Essay

Provide an example for five of the ten Price Sensitivity Effects - Essay Example Expenditure effect causes consumers to choose alternative options because of high price that might be unaffordable. For example, car brands like Mercedes Benz or BMW offer a prestigious image and quality, but are highly priced. Consumers that are unwilling to spend majority of their income on products like these tend to choose alternative options that provide similar luxury and feel. In such case, price becomes the ultimate deciding factor. Products with unique value tend to accompany price-quality effect. In such cases, price becomes the deciding factor for value creation of the product. This also creates a psychological effect on the consumers through value attained over time. For example, if fast-food brand like McDonald’s alters or raises its product price, consumers would still continue to opt for its products for their quality. This factor refers to the availability of external financial help to buy a specific product that otherwise would seem highly expensive for the consumer. For example, purchasing a house would require huge amount of money. If the consumer is able to procure loan for the purchase, then the price will be less significant as the deciding factor in the purchase. Inventory effect occurs when sellers anticipate price rise. This allows the sellers to hold the stock till price rise and sell the same at increased price, which will in turn give higher profits. This situation is more often seen in retail markets for pharmaceuticals, petroleum products, groceries etc. When the wholesalers anticipate price rise due to market fluctuation, they tend to buy huge amounts of product stock in advance and hold it as inventory. After price rise, they sell the products at increased prices to consumers, thereby making more profits than

Democratic Deficit in Canada Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Democratic Deficit in Canada - Term Paper Example What and how a country faces democratic deficit is all dependent on the perception of its people towards the government policies, this thinking alone could be as a result of higher expectations of the people from its government or it could very well be because of their objectives. The subjective thinking of the people or the objective thinking is what categorizes a country to be labeled as suffering from democratic deficit or not suffering from Democratic deficit. A system usually falls under the category of Democratic Deficit because as society grows and becomes more complex the needs change and become of different priorities which need to be met by the elected representatives. Failing of which the people see it as not working as a democratic system and hence term the system Democratic Deficit. In a similar manner the democratic institutions have to be in accordance to the changing needs like for example an institution that worked for a few hundred people would not prove successful with the figures of hundreds changing to millions. Hence the Democratic Deficit sets where the government fails to keep up with the growing demand of technology and economic environment. Even the media plays a very important role to the problem of democratic deficit by publicizing one view to the extreme. ... e of the media to project the situation in a manner without thinking up tactics of promoting its own cause only then would the people be able to grasp the deficiencies if any in the government or even the good beneficial effects that the system is affording. The knowledge gain factor is directly associated with the media in the current times and one must ensure that the media plays its vital role fully and duly. What the term democratic deficit implies is that it is the differences of the different people's opinions in the sizing up of their government. We could also put it in this way that basically the people feel that they are being neglected and their needs are not addressed. By Canadian standards the democratic deficit stems from the fact that when a definite gap is seen in the involvement, trust and decision making of its people. The main characterizing point of the system to be in democratic deficit is when there is a low voter turnout; people do not take an active interest in politics and a failure of trust in the democratic institutions. Canada has shown a gradual decline of the voter turnout. This started from the Second World War and was especially marked in the years 1953, 1974 and 1980. If the recent elections were to be accounted for then one would note how the eligible voter's number was by far greater than the number who did vote and the party one. Canada has seen less interest in the Canadian politics and leadership since 1960's. Today Canada suffers from democratic deficit as the people of Canada do not have high opinions about their politicians and they simply don't trust them. They are of the opinion that those who stand to be elected are misfit and will not keep their word and are more after the money than they have any care about the people or

Palm oil biodiesel: A source of renewable fuel

Palm oil biodiesel: A source of renewable fuel The demand of increasing price in fossil fuel has prompted the global oil industry to look at the alternative sources of fuel from renewable energy source which is biodiesel. Biodiesel is considered as better option because of its environmental friendly characteristics while giving almost the same functional properties like fossil fuels. This paper will focus on the biodiesel produced in Malaysia. Since Malaysia is one of the leading palm oil producers in the world with palm oil was chosen as the raw stock for the palm oil biodiesel production. There are many advantages and disadvantages in palm oil biodiesel industry in Malaysia from the economy, social and environmental aspect. The aim of this paper is to analyze the past, current and future of palm oil biodiesel industry in Malaysia. This paper will include the technology aspect used in the palm oil biodiesel production and characteristics of pure palm oil biodiesel to meet the international market standard. Malaysia faces tough competition from other biodiesel producers like Indonesia and Brazil. The scope of this study covers the worldwide biodiesel development in brief in continuation with the challenges faced by Malaysia in becoming the top biodiesel exporter in the world with the advantages disadvantage of using palm oil as the feedstock. . Keywords: Alternative, renewable energy, palm oil biodiesel, technology, exporter List of Abbreviations ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials CPO Crude Palm Oil DBKL Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EU European Union IFC International Finance Corporation ISO International Standards Organization MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board MPOC Malaysian Palm Oil Council MYR Malaysia Ringgits NGO Non Government Organization OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration POIC Palm Oil Industrial Cluster POME Palm Oil Methyl Ester PRIME Rebuilding and Improving Malaysias Export of Palm Oil RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil UK United Kingdom UNFCC United Natons Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States USA United States of America List of Symbols CO2 Carbon dioxide ml milliliter NOx Nitrogen Oxide INTRODUCTION All energy used by humans originates from one of the following sources: radiant energy emitted by the sun (solar energy); geothermal energy from the interior of the earth; tidal energy originating from the gravitational pull of the moon; and nuclear energy. By far the largest source is solar energy, thousands of times larger than all the others and inexhaustible for as long the sun shines (approximately 4.5 billion years). Present energy system, especially based on the use of fossil fuels (not renewable), cannot handle the problem of guaranteeing energy security and that increasing the share of renewable energies is one of the best ways to addressing them. Increasingly, renewable energy in the form of biodiesel is getting attention from the world countries due to the environment friendly characteristics, while still be able to be used in diesel engine without any major modifications. Biodiesel also has its advantage of abundance of raw stock which confirms continuous raw material supply. Biodiesel is an environmentally-friendly, renewable energy source that could also produce cost savings for taxpayers and private businesses which is produced from farmers that grow various fuel crops. Given high gasoline prices and the negative environmental effects of burning fossil fuels, there is intense research on the alternative energy sources, including biofuel. Brazil and the US have been leading the way with ethanol production derived from sugar cane and corn. Recently, there has been increased interest in another biofuel (biodiesel) particularly in Europe (the leading producer). Biodiesel, a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel, can be produced from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats. In the US, most biodiesel is made from rapeseed (canola) or soybeans. Other producers have different biodiesel feedstock such as palm oil and jatropha that have great potential as renewable fuels. Malaysia is a leading palm oil producer, therefore Malaysia in the past have focused on palm oil as raw stock used for biodiesel production. This paper takes an in depth look at the palm oil used for the production of biodiesel. 2.1 SCOPE OF THE PAPER Biodiesel production is facing several issues and challenges like tough global competition, feedstock issue, food versus fuel war, sustainability, and limited land for use deforestation. The scope of this paper is to collect and analyze the data of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia to determine their performance and their position in the world biodiesel industry, the advantage disadvantage of using palm oil as the main feedstock for production, political economic barriers which needs to be overcome, competition between the major producers technological aspects. This study covers the biodiesel technology that is currently being used in Malaysia to produce pure biodiesel that meets international criteria, suggestions for improvements in implementing better method and technologies to be used in Indonesia and Malaysia. Overall, this paper analyzes the past, current and future trend of the palm oil biodiesel industry in Malaysia among world biodiesel industry. 2.2 BACKGROUND 2.2.1 Raw Stock for Biodiesel There are several sources used as feedstock for biodiesel production such as rapeseed and soybean oil. However, compared with other vegetable oil, palm oil has far better advantage and potential as feedstock for biodiesel production. Palm oil is a perennial crop, unlike soybean and rapeseed. Perennial crop means the production of oil is continuous and uninterrupted, though annual production has its seasonal peak and down cycle [6]. In terms of oil production per hectare of plantation, palm oil is the most produced oil seed. The yield of palm oil from palm is a factor of ten higher than oil yields from soybeans, sunflower or rapeseeds [17]. Palm oil production has higher production yield compared to soybean, sunflower seed and rapeseed as shown in Figure 1. Palm oil imports from Malaysia into EU are equivalent to having 4.9 million hectares of soybeans or 1.7 million hectares of rapeseed [17]. 2.2.2 Palm Oil as Raw Stock Palm oil is the most prospective biodiesel feedstock compared to other oilseeds. As discussed earlier, palm oil has higher production yield, low fertilizer, water and pesticide needed for the plantation. Palm oil production takes less sunlight in terms of energy balance to produce a unit of oil as it produces more oil per hectare. However, in terms of the basis of palm oil yield per man in a day, it is not as competitive as other oilseeds because of the difficulty of labor plantation management and harvesting of the fruit. Comparatively in Indonesia, it is less an issue because the extensive labor market readily available in Indonesia compared to Malaysia. Crude Palm Oil and Refined Palm Oil are the most traded vegetable oil in the world today [14]. Palm oils have been established as a dietary nutrient for nearly five thousand years. Palm oils are harvested from the mesocarp of the Elaeis Guineensis fruit, through a refining process that includes; cooking, mashing and pressing. In this process, the seeds are separated and after cracking and removing the shell, the kernel can be processed to yield palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake. Crude palm oil also referred as CPO comes from the mesocarp which is the fleshy portion of the fruit wall. Mesocarp is processed into CPO through refining and kernel processing in steps shown in Figure 2. CPO depends on the variety of the palm tree and the age of the palm. The CPO to bunch ratio is approximately 25 to 28 percentages. 2.2.3 Palm Oil Biodiesel The palm oil harvested and produced from palm trees is referred to as CPO. The crude palm oil is the transported to palm oil refinery to be refined. The factory output is the Refined Palm Oil which is suitable to be used as biodiesel fuel or blended with petroleum diesel. Palm oil converted into methyl ester which then can be used as fuel is called the bio diesel. Blending certain percentage of petroleum diesel with palm diesel is called Envo Diesel. Methyl ester from palm oil has low engine emissions, high oxidation stability apart from the high nitrogen oxide emission which is higher [2]. Refined palm oil; after crude palm oil is refined is referred as Refined Palm Oil and can be used for number of applications including as a substitute for petroleum diesel which is known as Palm Oil Biodiesel. Palm oil is processed into CPO, then into refined oil before being processed into palm oil biodiesel as shown in Figure 3. Palm Oil biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel. This type of diesel is known as Envo Diesel. This paper will discuss in detail the Palm Oil Biodiesel. 3. Analysis 3.1 Perspective on Indonesian versus Malaysian Palm Oil A significant change took place in palm oil industry in the year 2006 when Indonesia surpassed Malaysia in production of the palm oil as shown in Figure 4. Malaysia is currently worlds second largest producer of palm oil [6]. Looking at the Indonesias palm oil production rate compared to Malaysia in Table 1, there are high chances of Indonesia surpassing Malaysia and continue to be leading producer for the foreseeable future. In Malaysia, palm oil exports amount to 16.5 million tonnes, representing an increase of near 11 percent in year 2007. The total palm oil planted area in the country increased by 4.3 percent to 4.48 million hectares in 2008 [16]. The expansion in planted area in the country occurred mainly in Sabah and Sarawak with a combined growth of 7 percent compared to 2 percent in Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah remained as the largest palm oil planted state, accounting for 1.33 million hectares of 30 percent of the total planted area in the country. 3.2 Palm Oil Biodiesel vs. Other Feedstock In the year 2008, the government of Malaysia was looking at the possibility of using jatropha oil the raw material for the production of biodiesel in the future. However, this was still at the research and development stage and it has not reached the commercialization stage [2]. The government looked at other potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to the competition on the use of the palm oil either as food sources as fuel. Around the world biodiesel producers are now focusing on using non food based raw materials for the biofuel production. Currently, all the biodiesel projects in Malaysia are based on the use of palm oil as the raw material. During the surface of the reports indicating that EU might ban biofuel derived from crops grown on some sensitive ecosystems, Malaysian palm oil industry feared the worst. Malaysia; as the second largest palm oil producer in the world after Indonesia is the potentially largest palm oil biodiesel producer. Countries like Brazil and the US; biodiesel producer from ethanol are eyeing the EU market giving heavy competition to palm oil biodiesel producers. Biodiesel market are having large market competition after the 27 nation bloc suggested for biofuel to be used at least 10 percentage in transportation by year 2020 [17]. Jatropha is a promising second generation biodiesel feedstock. The government publicity on Jatropha as next potential biodiesel feedstock at the Sabah Development Corridor launch in the year 2008 gave competition to existing palm oil biodiesel. However, the use of Jatropha as biodiesel feedstock requires more research to develop its properties to acceptable level for mass commercial usage [2]. And currently, the research is still ongoing. 3.3 Palm Oil and Malaysia The palm oil industry is an important pillar of Malaysia economy. The palm oil sector have contributed significantly towards providing a continuous flow of foreign investments and earnings through the export of palm oil and its value added products to the global market. In the year 2008, palm oil industry contributed MYR 65.2 billion or equivalent USD 18.1 billion in the export earnings which proves to be a significant contribution from the palm oil industry to the economy [16]. The contribution of Malaysian palm oil to the worlds oils and fats market was very significant in the year 2008, where the palm oil production of 17.73 million tonnes was 11.1 percent of the global production of 160 million tonnes of oils and fats. The sustainable production of palm oil in Malaysia is overseen by the Malaysian Palm Oil Association. Malaysia palm oil production is estimated 18.3 million tonnes in 2009 compared to 17.73 million tonnes in year 2008 [17]. The global demand for palm oil has increased significantly over the last two decades, first for the use in food industry, consumer products and the most recent application for biodiesel. The growing market in India and China; which is the top two important nations, increases the demand for edible vegetable oil [14]. Another major factor in growth of palm oil production is its role in sustainable energy campaign around the world [14]. European countries have promoted the use of palm oil by investing hundreds of millions dollars into the national subsidies towards biodiesel. European countries are major importer of palm oil; subsidization of biodiesels by the European governments has accelerated the demand for the palm oil in Europe and as a consequence, this has increased the conversion of large areas of rainforest in South East Asia. Palm oil plantations are often built after clearing large area of forest land and draining peat swamps. As of the year 2009, the Malaysia palm oil had 26 percent share in the export of oils and fats. The palm oil also comprised 46 percent share of global palm oil and is being consumed in more than 150 countries worldwide [16]. All these were achieved by using 4.5 million hectares of land which is far more less than 1.9 percent of total area in the world utilized for oilseeds. The total area in the world used for oilseeds is 233 million hectares. Malaysia is currently focusing on increasing the productivity by increasing the oil yields from the current average of four tonnes per hectare to eight tonnes per hectare by using genome sequencing. Genome sequencing is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism [16]. Using this technique, scientific process and procedures can be done to the palm oil plant to produce more outputs. Using this technique, Malaysia is hoping to continue as the major supplier to global palm oil needs without the necessity to open n ew areas for plantation. The EU need a company to be legally certified to produce palm oil that can be used as an alternative fuel in a sustainable manner before the commodity can be shipped and used in the 27 member bloc countries. Restrictive policies implemented by EU created differences in the marketing of vegetables and grains oil that caused the decrease of the palm oil prices compared to soybean and rapeseed oil. Indonesia and Malaysia, the worlds two biggest producers of palm oil teamed up in November 2008 to reduce the output of the edible oil after he prices slumped. The two countries agreed to replant old plantation, cutting yearly production of approximately 800000 tonnes. In the year of 2009, during the global economic slowdown, Malaysia palm oil industry was facing issue of oversupply. To reduce the oversupply of palm oil and at the same time to support the palm oil prices, Malaysia launched the Palm Oil Replanting Incentive Scheme worth of MYR 200 million to reduce the nations high palm oil stock to ensure the stability of palm oil prices. The objective of this scheme is to chop 200000 hectare of palm oil trees aged 25 years and above, which will reduce the palm oil supply by 700000 tonnes per year in the short term. The government had approved 63000 hectare under this scheme which was closed in June 2009 [16]. Strategies like replanting palm oil tree schemes and impose of the mandate for the palm oil biodiesel use reduces the CPO inventory and helped to sustain its price at MYR 1400 per tonne in the year 2009 [14]. It is important to reduce the oversupply and maintain the CPO price above RM 1400 tonne as the producers will not be profitable in the trade below this price. In March 2008, the CPO prices soared up till MYR 4180 but the price plummeted to low MYR 1403 per tonne in November 2008 [16]. The inventory for palm oil rose to significantly high amount of 2.3 million in November 2008 but reduced to slightly more than 1.8 million tonnes in January 2009 as shown in the Figure 5. Palm oil is the major oil produced in the world; this indirectly helps to lower price of palm oil biodiesel but not significantly. The CPO price range between MYR 1400 and MYR 1900 per tonne in year 2009 was sufficient to sustain the export earnings. However, the earnings from palm oil exports in the year 2009 dropped compared to MYR 65.8 billion in the year 2008 because of the lower prices as well as lower exports. Late in the year 2008, MPOC launched PRIME program. This program is one of the MPOCs palm oil export promotion strategies to encourage exporters to explore new markets and introduce new products in order to develop new areas of business [22]. 3.4 Biodiesel Production Technology Before analyzing the infrastructure and technology required in converting Palm oil into biodiesel, the production process must be understood first. There are three general ways to convert vegetable oils and fats into biodiesel; base catalyzed transesterification of the oil, direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil or conversion of the oil to its fatty acid then to biodiesel [12]. Biodiesel producers opt for the option 1 which is the base catalyzed reaction because it is a low temperature and pressure. This method also yields high conversion ration of almost 98 percentages with minimal side effects and reaction time. Another advantage of this method is that it is a direct conversion to biodiesel with no intermediate compounds required and no exotic materials of construction are needed [18]. The chemical reaction for base catalyzed palm oil biodiesel production is shown in the chemical equation shown in Figure 6. Chemical Equation above shows transformation of palm oil into biodiesel which also gives another output; glycerin. The conclusion from the above chemical equation is that when one hundred pounds of fat or palm oil reacted with 10 pounds of short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst that has already been mixed with methanol, 10 pounds of glycerin and 100 pounds of biodiesel produced as output. The short alcohol chain is represented by ROH which means methanol or in some cases, ethanol that is used to quicken the conversion process. The catalysts usually are mixed with the methanol. R, R and R represents the fatty acid chains of the palmitic oil or fat [12]. The catalyst mixed with alcohol. The catalyst usually dissolved in the alcohol using a standard mixing machine. The mix is then put into a closed reaction vessel and the palm oil or fat is added. A closed system is done in the process to prevent the loss of alcohol to the atmosphere. The mix is kept at the temperature above the boiling point of alcohol at about 70 degree Celsius so that the reaction takes place. The reaction time varies from 1 to 8 hours and excess alcohol usually used to ensure complete conversion of palm oil into methyl esters. Once the reaction have completed, there will be two outputs which are glycerin and biodiesel. Glycerin and biodiesel output will not be in their purest form. Each has significant amount of excess methanol that was used earlier in the reaction. This is where the neutralization step takes place. The glycerin has more density compared to biodiesel and the two outputs can be separated using gravity by drawing off the bottom of the settling vessel. After the glycerin and biodiesel have been separated, the excess alcohol in each of them will be removed and the mix will be neutralized. The alcohol will be recovered in methanol recovery step using distillation equipment and it will be re-used. After separation from the glycerin, the biodiesel is purified by washing gently with warm water to remove the residual catalyst or soaps, dried and sent to storage. This step may be skipped when the output of the production process is a clear amber yellow liquid with viscosity similar to petrodiesel. Colorless biodiesel is obtained in an additional step of distillation to remove small amount of color bodies. For usage as an automotive fuel, the end product of biodiesel must be analyzed using international standard analytical equipment to ensure it meets specifications. For global biodiesel marketing, it is important for a biodiesel manufacturer to register the biodiesel product with the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency under 40 CFR Part 79 [18]. 3.5 Pure palm oil biodiesel characteristics Biodiesel is a biodegradable and non toxic fuel; free from sulfur. It is produced by transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with low molecular weight alcohol, such as ethanol or methanol. In the industry, biodiesel is produced using homogeneous reaction [10]. Important characteristic of oil to be used as fuel is the solubility of the oil in petroleum. Another way is to emulsify the oil or fat with the ethanol. Most of the vegetable oils are a mixture of different esters such as oleic acid (main portion from olive oil), ricinoeleic (main portion from castor oil) , linoleic acid )main portion from linseed oil), palmitic acid (main portion from the palm oil kernel) and many other oils. Palm crude oil is refined to make a useable automotive fuel that is useable in unmodified diesel engines. As discussed in earlier topics, biodiesel is a clean burning alternative to petroleum based fuel made from renewable energy source which is biodegradable and non-toxic. In recent times, biodiesel issues have drawn lot of interest as increase of depletion of petroleum source in near future is predicted. Biodiesel market is booming in Europe as fuel or fuel additive for most of the diesel internal combustion engines and turbine in Europe as fuel or fuel additive for most diesel internal combustion engines and turbine engines, and it is also available in the US and Asia, as well as in Canada, where it is in its early stages of development. Biodiesel is derived mainly from the byproducts of soybean and other oils, such virgin and recycled vegetable oils derived from crops such as canola, corn and sunflowers and animal fats or spent cooking greases, although it may be obtained from ethanol. Soy-based fuel is the most common used biodiesel in its pure form or mixed with a petroleum-based diesel as an additive to improve the otherwise low lubricity of pure ultra low sulfur petrodiesel fuel. Research was done in Bangkok where palm biodiesel was used for a motorcycle, the emission and engine performance was tested. Research found there was no significant difference in emissions between the biodegradable and the fossil fuel. Comparison of the engine performance and fuel consumption for both lubricants showed no significant difference either [8]. However, since palm biodiesel is a renewable source, it is a lower carbon source and that it offers superior tribological properties (wear scar, viscosity index, etc.) [8]. This is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. This fuel is also important from the economic point of view, considered as one of the possible candidates to replace petrodiesel as the worlds primary transport energy source thanks to its renewable condition and the fact that it can be transported and sold using todays infrastructure instead of old fossil fuels ducts. In fact, it is available to consumers in a growing number of fuel stations, but still makes up a small percentage of fuel sold. Biodiesel has been classified as a non-flammable liquid by the OSHA, although as with most fuels, it may burn if heated to a high enough temperature, but significantly reduced in toxic and other emissions when burned as a fuel. [20] 4. DISCUSSION 4.1. Past and Current Market trend of Palm oil Biodiesel The production of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia is overwhelming. There are initial researches conducted for the production of biodiesel from waste materials including palm oil. However, this is still in early stage of research and development and so far; the researches shows that the production of biodiesel from waste materials is still very high and not viable for commercial use. Till the year 2008, Malaysia had about 91 percent of palm oil biodiesel projects approved with a total production capacity of 10.2 million tonnes a year [16]. Total of 12 biodiesel plants have been fully completed and are in operation with production capacity of one million tonnes a year [16]. Another two biodiesel plants have been also completed but the operations have not started. These two plants have production capacity of 160000 tonnes a year. According to MPOB, the existing biodiesel plants produces approximately 196363 tonnes for the period of August 2006 till March 2008 while 154791 tonnes were valued at MYR 411 million for the export to US, Europe, Singapore and Australia. Recently, the production cost at biodiesel plants have increased with the rising price of crude palm oil. The average cost of CPO in the year 2006 was MYR 1502.50 per tonne. This price has increased significantly within two years; in the year 2007, the price was MYR 2516.50 per tonne while in the early of 2008, the price was MYR 3433.50 per tonne. This has caused the cost to exceed the profit margin. In March 2008, production cost for palm oil biodiesel was MYR 4330 per tonne; whereas the market price for the palm oil biodiesel was MYR 3632 per tonne. The CPO prices are increasing rapidly as shown in Figure 8. The rising cost of biodiesel have prompted several palm oil biodiesel producers to temporarily stop producing biodiesel as the high producton cost has left an negative impat on their profit margin and the development and growth of the biodiesel industry. Till to date, the Malaysian government has given more than 90 biodiesel licences to various organization and companies which has production capacity of 10 million tonnes per year. However, it is reported in the Reuters survey that on seven biodiesel plants are currently running and most of them are operating well below the capacity. The survey also showed that there were 14 projects with their combined biodiesel production capacity of more than two million tonnes were shelved or delayed. The main reason for the delay is the high CPO prices, which encourages the palm oil industry to produce palm oil for more profitable business or industries instead of the biodiesel which has higher production cost compared to profit. The high cost of investment to setup the biodiesel facilities does not encourage the palm oil industry. It is said that for the priceof biodiesel at MYR 4000 per tonne, even conglomerates in Malaysia such as Sime Darby is not keen to plunge into the biodiesel industry currently [16]. Currently, the company is focusing on the palm oil downstream activities such as bulking and refinery process to be exported [16]. A report by Frost and Sullivan regarding biodiesel showed that the demand for biodiesel has increased in the Asia region over the past few years. For Malaysia, the demand for palm oil biodiesel would increase from current 110000 tonnes to 563000 tonnes in the year 2013. Asia region has a booming market for biodiesel as there are several strong drivers of growth; increased supply and increased demand. Many countries in the Asia region developed domestic markets and at the same time,producers like Malaysia and Indonesia targeted export markets. In several countries in the Asia region, the government introduced mandates for biofuels to develop the domestic market. On March 22, 2006, Malaysia Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi launched biodiesel called Envo Diesel. This type of biodiesel blends 5 percent of proccessed palm oil with 95 percent petrodiesel. In EU, there are B5 type of biodiesel that blends 5 percent methyl ester with 95 percent petrodesel. The manufacturers for diesel engine prefer the use of palm oil methyl ester blends as diesel engines are designed to handle 5 percent methyl ester meeting the EN14214 biodiesel standard [16]. In the year 2009, the Malaysian government reassured that there are no plans to remove the current biodiesel mandate of five percent despite high CPO cost. The government encourages the use of biodiesel in the country, although it is not have been mandatory use [5]. Malaysian government are encouraging the use of palm oil biodiesel as they are obliging to Kyoto Protocol. The use of palm oil biodiesel have not been made mandatory due to the fact that at the present,the raw material price is very high . Kyoto Protocol is a protocol of the UNFCC , an international environmental organization. This organization is trying to achieve the stabilisation of the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent the degradation caused by human that would disturb the ecosystem and the climate system. In October 2008, Malaysia put into practice the mandate of five percent biodiesel will be used in vehicles starting with the government vehicles in the year 2009 and planning to implement extensively to industrial and transportation sector in the year 2010. By early 2010, Malaysia is expected to consume 500000 tonnes of palm oil which is 3 percent of national CPO production. This will happen when Malaysia fully implements the blended biodiesel programme where B5 diesel will be made available througout the country through 36 depots [5]. The use of blended biodiesel has started with government agencies and will be extended to industrial and transportation industry in the future. The Malaysian government is working with nations biggest petroleum company; Petronas to enable some retail station to supply B5 to the agencies. I February 2009, Malaysia started the biodiesel programme with Kuala Lumpur City Council and the Armed Forces in the country [5]. The biodiesel producers and the petroleum companies are currently discussing the important aspects and critical issues to the implementation such as logistics and finance. As of the year 2009, the main challenges facing the biodiesel industry in Malaysia are the exports of subsidised US biodiesel to EU that is distrubing the prices and trade, the EU energy directive and overall global economic slowdown. The global economic crisis have caused a sharp drop in the CPO prices, together with global financial crisis had led the develoment of the biodiesel industry to slow down or to be exact halt new investments. The Malaysian biodiesel industry has the production capacity of 1.67 million and feedstock available to satisfy the demand in the domestic and world market. Malaysia and Indonesia has expressed concern over a plan by the EU countries to impose taxes on US biodiesel which potentially might slowdown the outlook for alternative fuels made from vegetable oils and grains. Almost half of Europes biodiesel Apple: A Multinational Corporation Apple: A Multinational Corporation Introduction Apple Inc. it is a well known American multinational corporation that designs most of the famous consumer electronics and widely used softwares. It was established on 1st April, 1976 at that time the company was known as Apple computer, Inc. the word computer was dropped after 30 years of its establishment on 9th Jan, 2007.To mark its expansion in consumer electronic market. Apple nearly has 35,000 employees worldwide and its sales recording nearly US$42.90 billion by 26th September, 2009. It came in a magazine named Fortune that Apple had been most appreciated company in United States in 2008 and worldwide in 2009. Objectives Apples motto, â€Å"Think differently†, a concept which Apple has been following since it started by creating state of the art products that. Other computer manufacturers have tried hard for decades to copy the ideas but none had succeeded as Apple did. It has always manufactured and designed products which no one has even imagined of. They provided the first ever user-friendly laptops and computers. Apple introduced iMac and iBook for the basic computer users such as students etc and Power Book and G series for advanced computer users for graphic designers, business man etc . Ownership Of Business As it is public owned company so it sells its shares. Currently there are around 1,441 shareholders, with total shares held are 652,325,642 and the total value of their holdings is around $134,501,972,866. The top 5 holders are: TOP 5 HOLDERS Shares held FMR LLC 45,173,344 STATE STREET COMPNY 31,980,670 Vanguard Group 31,216,671 Barclays Global 26,449,599 PRICE T ROWE 24,545,605 Board Of Directors: Steven P. Jobs Chief Executive Officer, Director Timothy D. Cook Peter Oppenheimer Chief Operating Officer Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President Philip W. Schiller D. Bruce Sewell Senior Vice President Worldwide Product Marketing Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary Ronald B. Johnson Senior Vice President Retail Bertrand Serlet Senior Vice President Software Engineering Robert J. Mansfield Mark Papermaster Scott J. Forstall Senior Vice President Mac Hardware Engineering Senior Vice President Devices Hardware Engineering Senior Vice President iPhone Software Engineering and Platform Experience Stakeholders Consumers As there will be any kind of changes in Apple company itself consumers will be affected, as the price increases consumer wont be willing to buy apple products or if the price increases consumers will be buying to buy apple products Competitor The biggest example of competitors can be Microsoft, whatever Apple does directly or indirectly affect Microsoft or vice versa. For example if Apple releases any kind of new computer regarding business the result is some new firms might opt to adapt that new system or might go along with Microsoft, thus effecting each other by every means. Steve Jobs Apples CEO He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple. He was the only one who introduced the bright idea to Apple e.g. iPod, iPhone etc. The whole company is affected by his decisions, as his health was affected the companys share lost its value. Stakeholders had a fear that if Steve Job isnt there it will cause Apples downturn causing a great loss. Apples SWOT Analysis Strengths Sales of its notebooks are very strong which represents a large portion of Apples income Apple is considered as one of the most established IT brand in the world. It not only attracts new customers but existing customers also come back for latest products as well as to take advantage of the services they are offering. Weakness Apple is making an end with IBM who was among Apples main chip supplier and switching to Intel for supplying chip which is thought to make consumers confuse as most of consumers have tend to use IBM chips which existed before Intel. It has its own software platform which doesnt allows users to have any kind of flexibility or to run Microsoft softwares on Apple OS which discourages consumers to buy Apple OS based consumer electronic. Opportunities Can offer some software flexibility by open source operating system so it would attract more consumers and making it more user-friendly thus increasing sales. Apple can step ahead by horizontal integration with some other major IT Company like Microsoft to expand its business to a completely new level. Offer Apple OSX to non Apple hardware which can turnout out to be a great advantage as more people will tend to use Apples OS as it is a completely different experience. Threats The biggest threat to Apple is its competitor Microsoft around 90% of the world-wide computers have Microsoft OS installed on them. This in long run can be very dangerous for Apples business. Global recession can likely reduce the sale of high priced consumer electronic; since apple is offering no cheap alternatives the consumer itself tend to switch to other manufactures for cheap prices. Market Research The most shocking thing about Apple Inc is that it never does any kind market research; they never hired any kind of consultants. They hired once in a decade which they considered later as there mistake. Apple itself figures out what people want and then work on it at the end the whole world is just amazed by that work and wants to include it in daily lifestyle. Marketing The marketing concept which Apple Inc uses and has been successful in long run can be divided into 3 categories customer oriented, organization objectives and coordinated market activities. The customer attraction is done by advertising through different media which is appealing to customers, moreover they provide good delivery services all this steps taken is to reach customer orientation concept. For organization objectives concept they set a target for its employees to reach, with that to even move closer to their ultimate goal they improve their quality of product. Apple does marketing management by acknowledging customers needs and wants. Market Mix Product Apple basically sells laptops, iPods, mobiles etc here we are going g to concentrate on their laptops. Apple has different kinds of laptops for different uses. They are quite light, slimmer and highly advanced which can make anyone stand alone in a crowd. It is mostly preferred due to its uniqueness and brand name. In their product range Mac book, Mac book pro which comes in different sizes 13†, 15† and 17† depending on users usage. As student s will prefer small n compact were as a graphic designer will prefer large screen display. Price The prices differs according to how basic or powerful laptop you are purchasing as for students small and compact can be bought cheaper ranging from $999-$1699, where as for high end user is around $2499 above depending on specification Place Apple has very good delivery service so you just buy it online from anywhere in the world the laptop will be delivered right at your door step which encourages most of the people to buy laptop with quality services. Else all famous electronic retailers sell Apple laptops around the world. Promotions Apple promotions are the best deals that can be found anywhere. Apple provides special student concessions and even low interest rate installment so that it is reliable from every aspect. Sometimes free deliveries offers are also available. External Factors That Can Impact The Business Activities: Economic: The economic factor plays an important role in the normal functioning of the business. The fluctuations in the economy directly affect the budget and Apple being a public business entity may face challenges to cope with the fluctuations. Social: Society also plays a major in the flow of the business activities. The customs and trends of a society do affect the way the business is functioning although these customs might be favorable to the businesses. Technological: Apple being major IT Company, has to provide the best services so it has to constantly upgrade its infrastructure and has to bring changes in its technologies.